I haven't read my insurance policy. I'm not sure of the amount or extent of the loss I had last month, and i'm not even sure if it's covered. Does this bar a claim?
No. Just because you haven't read your policy doesn't mean you can't make a claim. Assuming you have not gone by the time specified in the policy to submit a claim ("ignorance" of which is no excuse), the insurer has an obligation to adjust your claim, even if you do not know the extent of the claim or terms of coverage which might apply.
The insurer has an obligation to act in good faith to conduct a proper investigation of your claim, both as to the extent of the loss and as to whether the event is covered under the policy.