An appeal normally may be taken only to the next higher body in the same system. For example, an appeal of a decision in a state trial court normally may be taken only to the state intermediate appellate court. Then the party who lost on appeal may take a further appeal to the state’s highest court. (In some states the party would need "permission" from either the intermediate court or the higher court to do so, unless there had been a reversal or dissenting opinion, essential a "split-decision".) The state’s highest court is typically the final word on matters of that state’s law.
An appeal from an administrative law judge or hearing officer typically must first be taken to the administrative agency’s appeals board, and then to the agency head, and only then to the appropriate court.
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